Biological age and mortality in cardiorenal syndrome: a prospective cohort study
In 1,100 adults with cardiorenal syndrome in a US survey cohort, higher biological age and biological age acceleration were associated with higher all-cause mortality; these are associations, not proof of cause. [1]
Automatic summary · not editorially reviewed
The key findings
The analysis included 1,100 participants with cardiorenal syndrome, defined as self-reported cardiovascular disease plus calculated chronic kidney disease, from survey data collected 1999 to 2018. [1]
A 10-year higher Klemera-Doubal biological age was associated with 1.14-fold higher all-cause mortality risk, and a 10-year higher Phenotypic Age with 1.63-fold higher risk. [1]
Biological age acceleration was associated with higher all-cause mortality: hazard ratio 1.40 (95% CI 1.13–1.73) for Klemera-Doubal acceleration and 1.54 (1.20–1.96) for Phenotypic Age acceleration, with stronger associations in males. [1]
The source at a glance
- Study type / format
- Prospective cohort study (abstract)
- Population / context
- 1,100 adults with cardiorenal syndrome (self-reported cardiovascular disease plus calculated chronic kidney disease) in US survey data from 1999 to 2018
- Summary based on
- Study abstract
- Original publication
- August 29, 2026
Cardiorenal syndrome cohort from a US health survey
The study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2018. Cardiorenal syndrome was defined as chronic heart and kidney conditions occurring together: self-reported cardiovascular disease plus calculated chronic kidney disease. 1,100 participants with this syndrome entered the final analysis. Biological age was estimated from 12 clinical biomarkers using two measures, the Klemera-Doubal method and Phenotypic Age.
Supporting source [1]
Higher biological age linked to higher all-cause mortality
A 10-year higher Klemera-Doubal biological age was associated with 1.14-fold higher all-cause mortality risk; a 10-year higher Phenotypic Age with 1.63-fold higher risk. Acceleration, the part of biological age beyond what chronological age predicts, was also linked to higher all-cause mortality: hazard ratio 1.40 (95% confidence interval 1.13–1.73) for Klemera-Doubal acceleration and 1.54 (1.20–1.96) for Phenotypic Age acceleration. These positive associations were more pronounced in males. Klemera-Doubal biological age was also associated with death from heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, with a non-linear relationship for cerebrovascular disease.
Supporting source [1]
Prognostic biomarker proposal rests on observational data
The authors conclude that these aging measures are significantly associated with all-cause mortality in this population and may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers. The design was a prospective cohort using Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic splines. Because the data are observational, the associations do not show that biological aging causes death. Only the abstract was reviewed; the full text was not reviewed, so details of follow-up, adjustment and participant selection are not assessed here.
Supporting source [1]
How to interpret this
Abstract only; the full text was not reviewed. This is an observational cohort, so associations do not establish causation. Follow-up length, adjustment variables and participant selection are not reported in the abstract.
Based on the study abstract; the full paper, tables and supplementary data were not reviewed.
Source & supporting passages
Yang X, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Li Z, Yang X, Zhang T, Lu M. · europepmc.org · August 29, 2026